Norman Palace
Start where Palermo's rulers have sat for most of the city's history. The Norman Palace stands on the highest point of the old town, and the ground beneath it is older than any king: in 1984, digs under the Duke of Montalto Halls uncovered a Punic structure. Under Arab rule the first nucleus of the building rose here between two rivers, the Kemonia and the Papireto, built with the defensive features of a fortress, and it remained in use in Byzantine times.
After the Norman conquest in 1072, the new masters built a castle that was both royal residence and seat of government. Four towers marked its core, and inside were workshops and textile laboratories, the tiraz, where the court's luxury fabrics were made. Roger II was crowned the first Norman king of Sicily in 1130, and his successors William I, nicknamed "the Mean", and William II, "the Good", ruled a court where Latin, Greek and Arab cultures met. Roger's grandson Frederick II kept the palace at the centre of power and of culture, supporting the poets of the Sicilian School. It is counted as the oldest royal residence in Europe.
The Angevins and Aragonese let it decline; Spanish viceroys revived it in the late 16th century. Since 1946 the Sicilian Regional Assembly has met here, so this is still a working seat of government as well as a monument.
Go in: one ticket covers the royal rooms, the gardens and the Palatine Chapel, and the chapel alone justifies it. Buy the official ticket and add the official audio or video guide rather than paying many times more for a group tour; you see the same rooms. The chapel is 40 metres away, a minute's walk inside the same complex.
























